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ERIKSONIAN MODEL: Erikson (1968) |
EID MODEL: Phinney (1989) |
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Diffused Identity: Unclear ideas about own identity |
Diffused Identity: Little/no evidence of exploring ethnicity No clear understanding of issues |
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Foreclosed Identity: Untested clarity Identity uncritically absorbed through parental teaching |
Foreclosed Identity: Little exploration of ethnicity Parental ideas internalized with little questioning |
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Identity Moratorium: Period of exploration May engender identity crisis |
Identity Moratorium: Ongoing exploration May be in midst of ethnic identity crisis |
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Achieved Identity: State of resolution Clarity of thinking re. "who I am" |
Achieved Identity: Exploration period past Ethnic identity achieved and integrated into self-concept/world view |
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NIGRESCENCE THEORY - ORIGINAL: Cross (1971) |
NIGRESCENCE - REVISED: Cross (1991) |
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Pre-Encounter Defines identity targeted for personal change Out-group oriented Negative in valence; possibly self-hating |
Compares with EID model: Diffused Identity Poorly developed sense of ethnic self Low self-esteem; poor ego identity Weak in racial/cultural development |
Pre-Encounter: Two Prototypes Prototype 1: Low salience on Blackness; Strong identity outside of race High self-esteem/advanced ego identity development Prototype 2: Internalized racism about Black people Low self-esteem/weak ego identity development |
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Encounter Describes event(s) that lead to need for greater cultural self-awareness/racial self-acceptance |
Change is unleashed |
Encounter Unchanged from original |
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Immersion-Emersion: Transition Stage Old identity and emergent identity struggle for dominance |
Compares with EID model: Identity Moratorium State of flux |
Immersion-Emersion Unchanged from original |
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Internalization New identity becomes accepted and habituated |
Compares with EID model: Achieved Identity High self esteem Increase in ego identity |
Internalization All show high salience for race and culture Different ideologies (i.e., Afrocentric, bicultural, multicultural) Higher self-esteem/healthier ego identity development than those at Pre-Encounter who show internalized racism No difference in self-esteem/ego identity development for those with low race salience but little internalized racism |
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Internalization Commitment High race/culture salience in daily life (beyond initital internalization) |
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MODEL DEPICTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EGO IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT AND NIGRESCENCE
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SECTOR 1 |
SECTOR 2 |
SECTOR 3 |
SECTORS 4 & 5 |
SECTOR 6 |
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Infancy/Childhood |
Pre-Adolescence |
Adolescence |
Late Adolescence/ Early Adulthood |
Identity Refinement Across Life Span |
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Born into context defined by different variables (e.g., family, SES, etc.) Variables interact to create "identity niche"
Identity may have high race salience or something other than race is given preference |
Identity begins to develop Salience to race/culture may be high for some and low for others
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Broad spectrum of identities emerge (e.g., attached to religion, social class status, etc.) Most Black adolescents go through Erikson’s stages but content of identity crisis is not always centred on race |
Foundational Identity: "Stuck" with identity that has unfolded Identity may be Diffused, Foreclosed, or Achieved Adult Nigrescence If race is a central organizing feature, identity moratorium is very nigrescence-like; those with low race salience may not experience nigrescence |
Nigrescence Recycling Questions and challenges lead to new Encounter May recycle through Immersion-Emersion and Internalization Periodic recycling can lead to wisdom about self and Black life generally |
ERIKSON’S STAGES:
Diffused identity; Foreclosed identity; Identity moratorium; Achieved identityNIGRESCENCE: Pre-encounter; Encounter; Immersion-Emersion; Internalization; Internalization Commitment